Sunday, April 30, 2017
Hardware
The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible physical objects. Circuits, computer chips, graphic cards, sound cards, memory (RAM), motherboard, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and "mice" input devices are all hardware.History of computing hardware
| First generation (mechanical/electromechanical) | Calculators | Pascal's calculator, Arithmometer, Difference engine, Quevedo's analytical machines |
| Programmable devices | Jacquard loom, Analytical engine, IBM ASCC/Harvard Mark I,Harvard Mark II, IBM SSEC, Z1, Z2, Z3 | |
| Second generation (vacuum tubes) | Calculators | Atanasoff–Berry Computer, IBM 604, UNIVAC 60, UNIVAC 120 |
| Programmable devices | Colossus, ENIAC, Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine,EDSAC, Manchester Mark 1, Ferranti Pegasus, Ferranti Mercury,CSIRAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM 650, Z22 | |
| Third generation (discrete transistors and SSI, MSI, LSIintegrated circuits) | Mainframes | IBM 7090, IBM 7080, IBM System/360, BUNCH |
| Minicomputer | HP 2116A, IBM System/32, IBM System/36, LINC, PDP-8, PDP-11 | |
| Fourth generation (VLSI integrated circuits) | Minicomputer | VAX, IBM System i |
| 4-bit microcomputer | Intel 4004, Intel 4040 | |
| 8-bit microcomputer | Intel 8008, Intel 8080, Motorola 6800, Motorola 6809, MOS Technology 6502, Zilog Z80 | |
| 16-bit microcomputer | Intel 8088, Zilog Z8000, WDC 65816/65802 | |
| 32-bit microcomputer | Intel 80386, Pentium, Motorola 68000, ARM | |
| 64-bit microcomputer | Alpha, MIPS, PA-RISC, PowerPC, SPARC, x86-64, ARMv8-A | |
| Embedded computer | Intel 8048, Intel 8051 | |
| Personal computer | Desktop computer, Home computer, Laptop computer, Personal digital assistant (PDA), Portable computer, Tablet PC, Wearable computer |
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